Continuity and Change Growth of America as an Economic Power From 18651900
The Growth of Cities and American Culture (1865-1900) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Growth of Cities and American Culture (1865-1900)
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The Growth of Cities and American Culture (1865-1900) (Chapter 18) A Nation of Immigrants Population increase from 2.3 million in 1850 76.2 million in 1900; 16.2 ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation
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Title: The Growth of Cities and American Culture (1865-1900)
1
The Growth of Cities and American
Culture (1865-1900)
- (Chapter 18)
2
A Nation of Immigrants
- Population increase from 2.3 million in 1850?76.2
million in 1900 16.2 million of this
immigrants - Push Factors A) poverty of displaced farmers
driven from jobs by the mechanization of farm
work B) overcrowding/unemployment b/c European
population boom C) religious persecution (i.e.
Jews in Russia) - Pull Factors economic opportunities, US
reputation for political and religious freedom,
abundance of industrial jobs in cities large
steamships? inexpensive one way passage in ships
steerage allowed millions of poor Europeans to
emigrate
3
Old Immigrants New Immigrants
- Throughout 1800s mainly northern and western
Europe The British Isles, Germany, Scandinavia - Mainly Protestants, w/minority Irish and German
Catholics - High level of literacy
- Blended easily into rural Amer. society
- 1890s- post WWI mainly southern and eastern
Europeans (Italians, Greeks, Slovaks, Croats,
Poles, Russians) - illiterate poor peasants who fled autocratic
countries - Unaccustomed to democratic practices
- Largely Roman catholic, Greek Orthodox Jewish
- Crowded cities and poor ethnic neighborhoods in
NY, Chicago other major US cities - Around 25 birds of passage
4
Restricting Immigration
- By 1886, Congress passes new laws restricting
immigration. - Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 ban on all
immigrants from China. - Restrictions on undesirable persons (criminals,
mentally ill) - 1885- law prohibited contract labor in order to
protect American workers - immigration center in 1892 in Ellis Island new
arrivals had to pass more rigorous medical
documental examination, pay entry before entering
5
Supporters of Restriction
- Restriction supported by
- (A) labor unions
- (B) nativist society called the American
Protective Association- openly prejudice
against Catholics - (C) Social Darwinists-believed immigrants
inferior to English and German natives - H/w despite restrictions, nearly 15 of US pop.
was immigrants at turn of the century, until the
1920s Quota Acts which almost closed Statue of
Liberty.
6
Urbanization
- Cities provided central supply of labor for
factories, principal market for goods - shift of population from rural to urban. By
1900, 40 of Amer. lived in towns or cities, by
1920 more Amer. lived in urban communities than
rural areas - In late 19th century millions decided to seek
new economic opportunities in the city, both
immigrants and native born people left farms
seeking industrial and commercial jobs - Between 1897-1930, nearly 1 million southern
blacks settle in northern and western cities
7
Changes in the Nature of Cities
- Horse drawn cars and cable cars replaced by
electric trolleys, elevated railroads, subways
transporting people farther from the citys
commercial center. Building of Brooklyn Bridge,
allows longer commutes btwn residential
neighborhoods and the center city - Mass transportation allowed for segregation based
on income. Upper and middle classes move to
suburbs to escape poverty and crime of the city - skyscrapers emerge becoming a dominant feature
in American urban skylines
8
Ethnic neighborhoods vs. Residential Suburbia
- Affluent citizens left residences near business
districts, while poor moved in them - Landlords create tenement apartments which could
cram about 4,000 in one city block overcrowding
led to filth, disease. - In crowded tenements different immigrants could
maintain their own language, culture, church or
temple and social club.
- Upper and middle class Amer. decided to move out
the city. Factors prompting movement (1)abundant
land w/low cost (2) inexpensive transportation by
rail (3)low cost construction methods (4) ethnic
and racial prejudice (5)desire for grass,
privacy, individual houses - Late 1850s Frederick Law Olmsted designed a
suburban community - By 1900, suburbia became American ideal living
9
Boss and Machine Politics
- political parties which came under control of
tightly organized groups of politicians, (known
as political machines) - Each machine had its top politician who gave
orders and gave out govt jobs for loyal
supporters - Tammany Hall (NYC) started as social club, later
power centers to coordinate needs of business,
immigrants underprivileged in exchange for
votes - Party bosses knew how to manage social, ethnic
and economic groups in the city. Political
machines brought modern services to the city,
like a rugged form of welfare. - Political Machine sometimes helpful, sometimes
corrupt like Boss Tweed in the 1860s pocketed
almost 65 percent of public funds from NYC
10
Awakening of Reform
- New social consciousness in 1880s and 1890s
- Literature of Social criticism
- Henry George, Progress and Poverty- criticized
laissez-faire economics, proposed placing a
single tax on land to solve poverty and shed
light on the inequalities in wealth caused by
industrialization. - Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward- book which
envisioned a future era in which cooperative
society had eliminated poverty, greed and crime
helped shift the public opinion to support
greater govt regulation. - Settlement houses emerge, most famous being Hull
House in Chicago (1889) Jane Addams by 1910,
over 400 settlement houses in Americas largest
cities. Settlement workers set precedent for
future social workers, they were also activists
for child-labor laws, housing reform and womens
rights. - Frances Perkins and Harry Hopkins will have
leadership roles in FDRs reform program, the New
Deal in the 1930s
11
Religion and Society
- Social Gospel movement- In 1880s and 1890s
Protestant clergymen apply Christian principles
to social problems, led by Walter Rauschenbusch
who worked in NYCs Hells Kitchen urged
organized religions to take up the cause of
social justice. - Dwight Moody and his Moody Bible Institute help
urban evangelists adapt traditional Christianity
to city life - Salvation Army-(1879) imported from England in
1879, provided the basic necessities of life for
the homeless and the poor, while preaching the
Christian gospel. - Mary Baker Eddy- taught good health was the
result of correct thinking about Father Mother
God, founder of the Church of Christ Scientist-
popularly known as Christian Science
12
Families and Women in Urban Society
- Urban life meant isolation from extended family
for the most part, divorce rates increase to one
in 12 marriages by 1900. - Reduction in family size w/shift from rural to
urban living children now seen more as an
economic liability than a need for labor like on
farms - National average for birthrate and family size
continued to drop - Womens cause for suffrage launched at Seneca
falls in 1848 carried by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
and Susan B. Anthony. They helped found the
National American Womens Suffrage Association.
Wyoming was the 1st state to grant full suffrage
to women in 1869. By 1900, some states allowed
women to vote in local elections, most women
allowed to control and own property after
marriage already
13
Temperance and Morality
- Concern from urban reformers, especially women
- Womens Christian temperance union (WCTU) formed
in 1874, under leadership of Frances E. Willard
of Illinois had 500,000 members by 1898, - Antisaloon League founded in 1893 became powerful
political force and by 1916 persuaded 21 states
to close down all saloons and bars. - Carry A. Nation raids saloons and creates a
sensation - Moralists, thought cities to be breeding grounds
for vice, obscenity, prostitution. Anthony
Comstock of NY formed Society of Vice and
persuaded Congress in 1873 to pass Comstock
Law, which prohibited the mailing of obscene and
lewd material/photos
14
Intellectual and Cultural Movements
- Changes in education, arts, sports
- Public Schools children now sent to
kindergarten, elementary schools after 1865 began
to teach the 3 Rs (reading, writing, arithmetic)
with the increase in enrolled children in public
schools, the literacy rate rose to 90 of the
population in 1900 - Very significant was the tax-supported public
high schools. - Higher Education increase in US colleges in late
1800s, largely result of (1)land grant colleges
established under Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890
(2) universities founded by wealthy
philanthropists (3) founding of new colleges for
women (i.e.Smith, Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke) - By 1900, 71 of colleges admitted women who were
1/3 of attending students - Changes in curriculm, introduction of electives
allowing the US to produce its first generation
of scholars who could compete w/Europeans.
15
Social Sciences and the professions
- New social sciences emerge including behavioral
psychology, sociology, anthropology and political
science. - Study of human behavior
- Oliver Wendell teaches law should evolve with
legal precedents - Clarence Darrow argued that criminal behavior
could be linked with environmental factors - W.E.B. Du Bois was first African American to
receive a doctorate from Harvard, advocated his
talented tenth plan - New trends in education and professions of 1900
would have significant impact on progressive
legislation and liberal reforms of next century
16
Literature
- Realism and naturalism thrive showing human
nature and reflecting human experience - Bret Harte
- Mark Twain
- William Dean Howells
- Stephen Crane
- Jack London
- Theodore Dreiser
17
Painting
- Winslow Homer
- Thomas Eakins
- James McNeil Whistle
- Mary Cassatt
- As the 19th century drew to a close, a group of
social realists known as the Ashcan School
painted scenes of everyday life in poor urban
neighborhoods. Upsetting to artists were
nonrepresentational paintings exhibted in the
Armory Show in NYC in 1913. Art of this kind
would be rejected until the 1950s.
18
Architecture
- Louis Sullivan
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- Daniel H. Burnham
- Frederick Law Olmsted
19
Music
- With growth of cities came increases in demand
for musical performances and entertainment. By
1900 most large cities had either a symphony
orchestra, an opera house, or both. - Great innovators of the era Jelly Roll Morton,
Buddy Bolden, Scott Joplin - Jazz introduced to American public
- Jazz, ragtime, blues gained popularity in the
early 20th century as New Orleans performers
headed north into urban areas like Memphis, St.
Louis, Kansas City, Chicago
20
Popular Culture
- Mass Circulation of newspapers exposing scandals
and sensationalism to new heights - Amusements increase and leisure time increase
- Spectator Sports and Amateur sports gain
acceptance
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